A Bluetooth speaker starts where the earbud starts, on a Bluetooth audio SoC (Bestechnic, Jieli, Actions or Qualcomm, now with LE Audio and Auracast for multi-speaker broadcast). But it adds three things an earbud never carries: a real driver in a tuned cabinet, often with a passive radiator for bass; a Class-D amplifier to drive it; and a battery sized for hours and watts. The reference design you buy is that chipset, amp and acoustic tuning, already dialled in.
The category splits by form factor far more than by chip. There is the mini portable, the rugged outdoor unit (IPX7/IP68, now the dominant export line), the party and karaoke speaker (high-watt, RGB or flame lighting, a wireless UHF mic, TWS stereo pairing and trolley wheels), the battery-powered PA and line array, the soundbar, the novelty (pool-floating, lamp, mushroom), and the smart or voice speaker. A house is usually known for a couple of these, not all.
Geography splits the same way. Shenzhen (with Dongguan and Huizhou) owns the electronics-led portable and outdoor speaker; Guangzhou, reaching into Enping, the audio-and-microphone capital, owns the loud end, trolley, karaoke, PA and stage. The earbud houses cross over too: several from the earbuds page build wireless speakers on the very same SoCs and acoustics.
For export the gates are FCC, CE and RoHS plus Bluetooth SIG (BQB) qualification, with UL, PSE, Telec, SAA or SONCAP by market and an IP rating tested for anything outdoor. The houses below are the hireable layer beneath the brands (JBL and Harman, Bose, Sony, Marshall, Ultimate Ears, Anker Soundcore, Tronsmart). The tell of the rebadge: one IPX7 boombox under a dozen Amazon names.